Candu fuel cycle advantages operational reactors nue candu reactor inherent safety features new build reactors afcr future with water coolant dr. The basic parts of a nuclear reactor are the core, a moderator, control rods, a coolant, and shielding. The candu 6 design as implemented at sites in canada has been chosen as the reference because it is the most widely deployed candu design worldwide. It enables those new to candu to learn about candu as an overall system and to pursue specialized topics in depth. It combines features of the existing candu pressurised heavy water reactors phwr with features of lightwater cooled pressurized water reactors pwr. U, to obtain a blend that is neutronically equivalent.
The current candu products are the 700 mw class candu 6 reactor and the 900 mw class candu 9 reactor. The 5 mwe obninsk lwgr in russia, which commenced power generation in 1954, was the first. The candu reactor system has proven itself to be a world leader in terms of. The development of the first candu reactor began in 1954 through a partnership between atomic energy of canada ltd.
Fission is the process of splitting atoms of natural uranium inside the reactor, releasing radiation and heat. Candu reactor is a type of nuclear reactor which was developed in canada, and is currently used in nuclear power plants for electrical generation in various countries around the world. Apr 01, 2011 for one thing, experts say, a slew of the safety systems installed in canadas own candu reactors 17 of which currently produce all this countrys nuclear energy are powered by. Candu canada deutrium uranium it is a canadianinvented,heavy water reactor. Atomic energy of canada limited aecl developed the candu reactor technology starting in the 1950s. Candu nuclear industries, thorburn is structured to consistently meet and exceed customers expectations in quality, value and service. Canadas first nuclear power reactor, called nuclear power demonstration, with a net capacity of 22 electrical megawatts, was started up in 1962. These were invented and developed in canada in the 1960s, when canada decided that they did not want to build enrichment plants. It is owned and operated by new brunswick power nb power and supplies approximately 30% of the provinces electricity. Reactor assembly the candu 6 reactor assembly, shown in the figure opposite, includes the fuel channels contained in and supported by a horizontal cylindrical tank known as the calandria.
No need for special borated casks it has few 7 different components. The candu reactor utilizes a pressure tube concept with heavy water moderator and coolant, natural uranium fuel and onpower refueling. Candu reactor purchasers should no longer be concerned about long term storage of used candu fuel because various parties in canada are working on implementation of the ottensmeyer plan to dispose of used candu fuel by recycling this used fuel through liquid sodium cooled fast neutron reactors. Pdf the progression of events that develop into an accident with severe fuel or core damage. Heavy water reactors use heavy water d 2 0 deuterium as opposed to hydrogen as both a moderator, and in many cases a coolant also. Combining this with onpower fuelling and a simple fuel bundle design. Part 5 heavy water and candu reactors daryanenergyblog. The three internationally recognized stages of decommissioning mothballing, encasement, and dismantling are discussed.
Survey of considerations involved in introducing candu. Nuclear power plant systems and operation candu owners group. Candu fundamentals ii 3 radioactivity spontaneous nuclear processes 19. Candu reactors produce electricity through a process known as fission. Introduction to reactor physics candu owners group. Sartrex has twenty years experience in producing the candu safety shutdown system. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear reactor. Candu reactor article about candu reactor by the free. The candu fuel contains pellets of uranium dioxide with natural uranium 0. Candu reactors can burn many different fuels, and fuel supply can be secured for the. The candu development program is aimed at enhancing these two reactor designs.
The candu runs on natural unenriched uranium, is heavy water moderated, and features 380 individually pressurized, horizontally arranged fuel channels. The gentilly2 candu 6 reactor is owned and operated by hydro. The candu allows more local input in nations that do not have the capability to cast a pressure vessel. The temelin nuclear power plant, south bohemia, czech republic. The optimum power output of a candu reactor for a given number of channels is obtained when the reactivity of approximately half of the fuel channels, located in the center of the reactor, is deliberately lowered so that the flux and therefore the power is constant across the socalled inner zone of the core. All canadian nuclear reactors are of the candu type but the. Candu is the most efficient of all reactors in using uranium. The objective is to familiarize you with the basic concepts and ideas, definitions and quantities which are important in the understanding of reactor physics. Rrs also responds to operator manual request for reactor. The important issues, now and in the future, associated with power. Candu heavy water reactors use natural uranium, of which 0. The quality standard that atomic energy of canada ltd. Candu fuel is much cheaper than light water reactor ffuel uel candu fuelmanufacturing capability can readily be developed by even small ccountries ountries which purchase candu reactors. A tsunamitripped power outage and backup generator failures cut off pumps that basted cooling water over the japanese reactor cores, causing at.
This text has been prepared to support the nuclear power plant systems and operation course, which has the following main components. It is a type of nuclear reactor that uses natural uranium as fuel,pressurised heavy water as coolant,unpressurised heavy water as moderator and uses pressurized tubes to contain the fuel and circulating coolant. Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear. Nuclear power energy in pakistan the main part of the plant is designed on the model of chasma nuclear power plant and candu reactor. With no heavy reactor pressure vessel and the possibility of modular construction the erection time of a candu reactor can be shorter than that of some other reactor systems. All nuclear power plants in canada use the candu design a safe, reliable, reactor technology. The candu reactor has a modular core, made up of fuel channels. A list of existing candu and pressurised heavy water reactors phwrs is given in table i. Heavy water versus light water in ontario nuclear war. Each end shield comprises an inner and an outer tubesheet joined by lattice tubes at.
Candu reactor the candu short for canada deuterium uranium reactor is a canadiandeveloped, pressurized heavy water reactor used for generating. Ppt candu powerpoint presentation free to download. Whenever you need to generate pdf from html there is usually a lot to take into consideration to achieve impeccable printing results. The candu reactor core is a horizontal cylinder known as a calandria. Nuclear reactor types many different reactor systems have been proposed and some of these have been developed to prototype and commercial scale. The important issues that must be considered in a decision to utilize candu reactors in the u.
Introduction this is a descriptive course on the physics of candu reactors. Candu stands for canadian deuterium uranium reactor playing on the north american boast of capability, can do. Figure 11 illustrates how candu reactors produce electricity. Nuclear power plant safety systems canadian nuclear safety. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear. Jan 22, 2016 candu reactor the candu short for canada deuterium uranium reactor is a canadiandeveloped, pressurized heavy water reactor used for generating electric power. Candu stands for canada deuterium uranium, which reflects the key role of deuterium, or heavy water, which acts as the reactors neutron moderator, a unique trait of the candu. If you want to convert a html file to pdf, if you use a webpage or rely on database publishing there is a way to turn even complex html into pdf. Developer designer builder of the candu nuclear power reactor. Pwr reactor pressure vessels 10, pwr reactor vessel internals 11 and metal components of bwr containment systems 12. In normal candu operations with natural uranium fuel, more than half of the energy is provided by fissioning plutonium produced in the fuel as the reactor operates.
Monitor and control total reactor flux and power so as to satisfy the station load demands. The design and development of fuel for the candu type reactors have been well. Characteristics of acr700 and candu 6 coreaveraged 20. Known as karachi nuclear power plant kanupp, the commercial power plant is a small 7mw candu reactor, a canadian pressurized heavy water reactor. Point lepreau was the first candu 6 reactor to be licensed for operation, the first to achieve criticality and first to begin commercial operation. Given that nobody is advocating the building of more rmbks, indeed its difficult to believe the. The four candu 6 units have each achieved high reliability figures, even after years of operation. Reactor facts and performance electricity was first generated by a nuclear reactor on 20 december 1951 when the ebri test reactor in the usa lit up four light bulbs.
This paper is intended to introduce the reader to canadas power reactor. Sartrex fully satisfies these requirements with the aid of its quality assurance team and strict quality policy. This was initiated by unene, administered by candu owners group cog and funded by all candu utilities in canada and offshore with prof. Acr incorporates design innovation and merges good features of.
Candu lifetime performance operating candu reactors to september 30, 2009 lifetime capacity is the total energy produced by the reactor, divided by the energy that could have been produced if the reactor had run at full power, from first being declared in service to the present. The candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr using heavy water deuterium as both a moderator and coolant. Edit pdf files with pdf candy a free online pdf editor. It is concluded that decommissioning is possible with presently available technology, and costs could be financed by only a marginal increase in the cost of electricity during the life of.
The heat transport system hts circulates the coolant through the reactor to remove the heat of fission from the fuel. Candu fundamentals i table of contents 1 objectives 1 1. Having been developed to use natural uranium in conve niently small fuel bundles, the candu reactor. The important issues, now and in the future, associated with. Canducanada deutrium uranium it is a canadianinvented,heavy water reactor. Candu canada deuteriumuranium key candu characteristics pressure tubes containing fuel bundles located in cylindrical, low pressure moderator tank or calandria heavy water moderated natural uranium candus are heavy water cooled advanced candu reactor acr is light water cooled 43 units based on the candu. Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear power. Convert html to pdf, html to pdf converter pdfreactor.
Jul 05, 20 of course there are important technological differences between the ec6 and ap. Core damage progression in candu reactor beyonddesign basis. From candu, it takes the heavy water moderator, which gives the design an improved neutron economy that. Risks of the candu reactor design introduction the candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor of canadian design. Canada deuterium uranium candu reactors use heavy water as a coolant instead of regular old light water. The candu reactor was designed by atomic energy canada limited as an alternative to other reactor designs which use slightly enriched uranium 25% u235. Of course there are important technological differences between the ec6 and ap. Nuclear reactor, any of a class of devices that can initiate and control a selfsustaining series of nuclear fission s. Kuran vp, advanced fuel candu reactor workshop on advanced reactors, neaoecd paris, france, april 2017. In several cases it was found to be practical to combine two systems. These were invented and developed in canada in the 1960s, when canada decided that they did not want to build enrichment plants or large pressure vessel manufacturing capabilities.
Convert pdf to word, pdf to jpg, merge pdf, split pdf, compress pdf, etc. As a result, adding plutonium to the initial fuel would represent a smaller change in the physics of the reactor core than in the case of lwrs. A candu reactor requires, in total, between 460 and 592 metric tonnes 1 tonne kg of heavy water, a little more than half of this in the moderator and the rest in the pressurized coolant for example, a candu 6 reactor uses 265 metric tonnes in its moderator and 192 metric tonnes in its coolant. The calandria is closed and supported by end shields at each end. Six types of reactor magnox, agr, pwr, bwr, candu and rbmk have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. To these features may be added a fourth, onpower refuelling. Aecl is the designer and builder of candu reactors, including the canduo 6, the ec6o, and the advanced. Economic considerations, including both power costs and fuel utilization, are discussed for the near and longer term. With pdfreactor you count on a powerful html to pdf converter.
The term heavy water reactor is a catch all term as it includes a broad range of reactor designs running from the rmbk right the way over to the candu design. Pdf effect of dupic cycle on candu reactor safety parameters. Fission reactions in the reactor core heat pressurized water in a primary cooling loop. The lifetime capacity factor cf is the total gross generation tgg figure divided by the capacity cf divided by the total number of hours hrs from the time of first synchronization to that time, multiplied by 100. A heat exchanger, also known as a steam generator, transfers the heat to a secondary cooling loop, which powers a steam turbine with an electric generator attached to it for a typical rankine thermodynamic cycle. The 5 mwe obninsk lwgr in russia, which commenced power generation in 1954, was the first to supply the grid and was shut down on 30 april 2002. Pdf thermalhydraulic aspects of progression to severe. Candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr that uses heavy water deuterium oxide d2o as a moderator and coolant, and natural uranium as its fuel. Candu, short for canada deuterium uranium, is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water as a moderator and coolant and natural uranium as a fuel source. Heavy water cooled and moderated the only design of heavy water moderated reactor in commercial use is the candu, designed in canada and subsequently exported to several countries. The fuelling operations for these stations begin with the semimanual loading of new fuel. Nuclear reactors are used as research tools, as systems for producing radioactive isotope s, and most prominently as energy sources for nuclear power plants. While candu energy is trying to entice jordan and china to purchase candu reactors, within canada it is unsure whether the newest nuclear plant to be built in ontario will be a candu reactor. Each fuel channel contains 12 or small fuel bundles, each of which is 50 cm long and 10 cm in diameter, and weighs about 24 kg.
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